Glioblastoma
What is Glioblastoma?
Glioblastoma is a fast-growing and aggressive type of brain tumour. Glioblastoma belongs to a broader group of tumours known as gliomas. It is the most common and aggressive malignant type of glioma, accounting for nearly half of all malignant, primary brain tumours diagnosed in adults. Glioblastoma can develop at any age, but it is most commonly seen in adults over the age of 50.
What are the Causes of Glioblastoma?
The exact cause of glioblastoma is not fully understood. In most cases, it develops spontaneously without a clear reason. Certain genetic mutations may contribute to abnormal brain cell growth. Rare risk factors include inherited genetic disorders, previous exposure to radiation therapy to the head, and increasing age. However, most people diagnosed with glioblastoma do not have an identifiable cause.
What are the Signs and Symptoms of Glioblastoma?
The signs and symptoms of glioblastoma vary depending on the tumour’s size and location in the brain. Common symptoms include persistent headaches, seizures, nausea or vomiting, memory problems, confusion, personality or behaviour changes, difficulty speaking, vision problems, weakness or numbness in the arms or legs, and balance or coordination difficulties. Symptoms often worsen as the tumour grows and increases pressure within the brain.
How is Glioblastoma Diagnosed?
Diagnosis of glioblastoma usually begins with a neurological examination to assess vision, balance, reflexes, and brain function. Imaging tests such as MRI or CT scans help identify the tumour’s size and location. A biopsy or surgical removal of tumour tissue is often performed to confirm the diagnosis and determine the tumour type. Additional laboratory and genetic tests may also be used to guide treatment planning.
How is Glioblastoma Treated?
Treatment for glioblastoma usually involves a combination of therapies. Surgery is often performed first to remove as much of the tumour as safely possible while preserving brain function. This is typically followed by radiation therapy and chemotherapy, commonly using Temozolomide, to target remaining cancer cells and slow tumour growth. Additional treatments may include targeted therapy, immunotherapy, or participation in clinical trials. Supportive medications are often prescribed to manage symptoms such as seizures, swelling, headaches, and neurological difficulties.
